Mª Carmen Ortego Osete, Expert Culture and Islamic Civilization
We always wanted to know the origin of the name of Banyeres, How denominated place their andalusíes people?, but nevertheless, we have found that it is not an easy task given the various proposals that are. Ocurrs the same, our understanding, with other places in your municipality. Thus, this article, We want to gather and discuss the various theories that exist and propose other about the origin of the name of Banyeres de Mariola and some of the places of their municipality.
THE VARIOUS NAMES OF Mariola
Throughout the history of this place has been given different names, from oldest: Benirehes – Bigneres the various Bañeres – bathtubs, up to the current name of Banyeres de Mariola who acquires 1986 with linguistic normalization in signaling pathways and public services by decree 145/1986 of 24 November1. We propose several hypotheses:
BENIREHES
* according to Escolano: "Biner Bath or pronounced as the Moors Benirehes» 2. The reason for this may be due to name the place was created as a farmstead from the main settlement of Serrella, and could come from the Arabic form 'ibn Rais' / "Son of Arráez". Thinking that the population settled in these places can be sourced beréber3 there would be nothing strange about it, since it is common for other regions -and places, rivers or mountains- bearing the name of the clan group to settle there,4 it is true that Escolano does not say where he obtained this information.
On the other hand, the Arabist Asín Palacios proposes that Benirehes could come from Beniaraix = Banu Araj is a nickname that means "son of the lame '5.
To end, without ending the controversy took the origin of the name Benirehes existing among the various scholars, we find the view, the Arabist also, Carme Barceló, what does it say:
«…It is not an Arab topónim, Escolano says that although the Moorish pronunciabam Benirehes "6.
DE BENIREHES A BIGNERES
* Benirehes name might have undergone a change by phonetic assimilation in Bigneres, name first appears in the King James I Itinerari7.
* Another explanation could be due, in addition to its phonetic resemblance, for the first lord of Banyeres: Jofre de Loaysa,8 whose lineage is believed to come from Occitania decided, in memory of the occitano origin, move to this place, Jaime I gives to offset the aid given in the conquest of the Kingdom of Valencia, the name of Bigneres. Opinion that could be supported because in Occitania is a place called Col des Bignères, as well as several places with the name of Bagnères, banners. Here we would find a translation of the name of one place to another. On the other hand, to the King Jaime I would not be strange this name because of the knowledge that the king might have the transpirenaica area since Jaime I was also lord of Montpellier9. also remember that his father died fighting against the Cathars in that area and that his grandfather had feudal ties with the county of Bigorra and vizcondado of Beam10.
DE BIGNERES Banner / AS
* At this point we Viciana the opinion of the writer who writes in the year 1564 the third book of the illustrious and crowned city of Valencia and its kingdom in which he explains:
"The name of Bigneres has been corrupted and dizenle Bañeres and as you already know you do oy forward may appoint for its old and true name"”.
We can see that this corruption occurs soon since it already appears in some documents such as, Water in the lawsuit he had with Biar 1382 and remains in time, subsequently appearing in the document that appointing royal villa Bañeres by Philip V in 1708.
Viciana striking that writing in 1564, that is to say, half a century before Escolano, it does in 1610, Do not talk at all Benirehes name.
Nor does it Diago, in his Annals of the Kingdom of Valencia published in 161312 He does not even mention the place, as it does with Bocairent and Biar.
* Another line of research can be the name of Bitrawsa (B.t.r.w.sa).
His one of the characters alamín- that his testimony about the boundaries of the place of Bocairent and Banyeres is requested Ahmad Ibn Umar called al-Bitrawsí, could lead to that B.t.r.w.sa that, Some historians, so far it is unknown, It was the own Banyeres. A. Soler says, in the eleventh century, a poet named Ibn Qatil, natural Bitrawsa, He composed his works in Banyeres. On this matter we will return later.
But nevertheless, to this line of research will sur¬ge a reservation. According to Mikel Epalza13 place called B.t.r.w.sa (Batruxa) identifies with Pedrosa that is close to Xativa. Torró dissents and places in the valley of Penáguila14.
* We found another proposal Banyeres origin of the name of the option that proposes. Soler bathtubs in your work and in medieval Serrella * 5 in the number coming mainly from "Hammam Biyar" (Hot Biar) On the other hand we find the link of this name, «Hammam villages», to "sources Biar», situándolas "between the weir Vinalopó (Weir aka Tosca) and the house Partidor Water "w.
The argument put forward by Soler thought it would not be correct and for this we rely on the following circumstances:
* It makes no sense that a "hammam" (bathroom) It is nearly 15 km away from the population it serves, in this case Biar.
* Soler text used to say that "Hammam Biyar" would be the name of Banyeres is the text already mentioned Epalza and he makes it clear that the poet Ibn Qatil (he is also written as !bn Gattal) escribe a poem "in the bathroom Biar, areas for XAF / He »17 / «[fi al]Five Hammam minjihatXativa18 ». Coinci¬de latter as described in the Encyclopedia Andalusí, when he speaks of the poet Abu-I-Hakam Ibn Gattal19 (ibn Killer) where it is said that he and two other literary friends visited the city of Biar and entered "in the hammam site».
* So far no archaeological remains found nowhere, any building that had that role in the municipality of Banyeres.
* Another circumstance is the fact that there is evidence that places with bathrooms took the name of Alhama20, In my opinion, more adjusted to the Arabic word "al-hammam" phonetically to link the article "the" with the nom¬bre 'hammam' because the listener does not distinguish the difference between the article and the name assimilation. Thus we find explained in the work of Diego de Guadix, Compilation of some Arabic names…21: "It has to, which means, and hama, which means bathroom; Assisi, all together, Alha¬ma means the bathroom…».
* To further complicate the situation, we can read in the Dictionary of Spanish Place Names and gentile who do Banyeres derived from the Latin "Balneum" meaning water estancas22.
At this point, should provide a brief summary of the proposal so¬bre A. Soler.
CLARIFICATION OF THE MEANING OF THE WORD "HAMMAM"
Translation gives Spanish-Arabic dictionary, Arab-Spanish: (hammam) Bathroom, bathroom.
In the same family found (istahamma) Bath, wash up.
So, It is very clear that can not be translated, in no case, 'source'. The translation dictionary gives the same for this case is: ('Aynun o Sahnun).
In addition to this, We have the meaning that the word "hammam" is given in the basic vocabulary of History of Islam:
"Public bathroom. […] The use of the hammam ritual for ablution (ghusl) It explains that it has been essential organ of the Muslim city, assimilated, gradually . […] At all times around the hammam he has gravitated neighborhood life […]»
Spanish-Arabic dictionary; Arab-Spanish. Maurice G. the tiger. Madrid, 1996. basic vocabulary of History of Islam, p. 73. F. Maíllo Salgado. Madrid, 1987.
Hammam FIVE
Let us return to the phrase Soler is based on that: «[end to]hammam biyar min jihat Xativa "I" in the bathroom Biar, for areas of Xativa ".
The confusion arises because of the misunderstanding that makes this author to translate the meaning of the word "hammam" to the Castilian, later, This translation of the name of Banyeres origin.
According to Arabist, the Castilian translation of the Arab nom¬bres is transcribed from phonetic, that is to say, adapting the-what they hear Arabic pronunciation- the target language, in this case the Castilian, but never by the previous translation of the Arabic word. Similarly in the case of adoption by the Arabic words of Latin origin as discussed below in other cases.
then we provide that make the translation of this phrase arabis¬tas. First that they make the authors of the Encyclopedia of Andalusian culture on the fact that protagonists are the poet Ibn Qattil (Gattal)23 and his two friends: "With the three, Gattal, Magawi and friend once visi¬tando the town of Biyar (Biar-Alicante), hammam entered the place "24.
Secondly we expose the translation, in this case the valenciano25, Arabists who make Barceló, Labarta and Veglison the same sentence: "In the bathrooms Biar, the part of Xativa "
This translation matches what Mikel Epalza, also Arabist, I said in the article cited above, in which translates, Also the Valencian: "In the bathroom for Biar areas Xativa".
So that, we believe that in any case, it can be understood that the place where Ibn Qattil (Gattal) wrote his verse was another in Biar.
Y, speaking of the author giving rise to this dispute, el poe¬ta Ibn Qattil (Gattal), whose full name was Abu-I-Hakam Ibn Qattil (Gattal), (m. 1145) Denia know that was even his family Noble- It was from B.t.r.w.sa. He was secretary of the Foreign Ministry almorávide Xativa, place where he died.
Regarding the location that makes this "hammam Bi¬yar", Bathrooms in the municipio de las obras de Mariola drought. Architecture agua26, Soler mentioning the theory that we are dealing, and i genealogy dels Albero Histeria Banyeres de Mariola27 in which by the way "hammam" is translated as "sources", we think that regardless of the material remains found by archaeologists that, although they might belong to some houses that had been there I construi¬do, we believe that these remains could not be "Hammam Biyar" for the reasons stated above.
To end, also mention that historians as R. I.
Burns and Pierre Guichard who occupy enough of this area in his works do not mention at any time the existence of a place called "Hammam Biyar".
RIVER VINALOPÓ
As for the next controversy is aroused by the nom¬bre the main river that runs through his term: Palmes.
According to the Roman poet Rufus Festus Avieno28 in its maritime OCIA called "Alebus' besides giving us news of people who then inhabited the area:
"The people of gimnetes had settled in these places. Now, instead, abandoned and depopulated [des¬poblamiento correspond to known] for a long time, Alebo rumoroso the river runs only for themselves »29.
How to Alebus I Alebo renamed Vinalopó? Today there is only speculation.
Some scholars say the name comes from the modification obtained when you add the particle Beni (child / clan) in Arabic and Lubun, one gentile, which would mean it could be possible that there were around at the time a farmstead belonging to this clan which took its name (Benilubun). Hence Vinalopó. Carme Barceló also agree with this origen30. In fact, in the municipal file is a document Bocairent 1359 He is speaking of a farmstead called Benillupo located between Bocairent, Bathtubs and Alcoy31
However Agusti Ventura32 offers alternative: come from "Pinna Lopo 'means a mozarabismo to refer to Peña del Lobo, then refer to a text 179133 in which he speaks of "a mountain called Binalopó [in which] are the ruins of a castillejo or watchtower that had the name Castle Binalopó ».
While it is true that "Pinna Lupo 'ears give musul¬manes, Arabic language, Newcomers 'Binalobo' not found in the Arabic language the sound "p", changing it by "b". "Since the Latin words or romances passing into Arabic lexicon, They did adopt the foreign word but trying to conform to the morphological molds Arabic »34. But it is also true that could be the first option mentioned that hu¬biese given the name to the river. This is the first example of how would Latin names into Arabic.
There is a curious fact about the river Vinalopó. When Al-Idrisi described the river as it passes through Elche, He mentions that it is a river salado35. But nevertheless, in its origin, that is to say, when atravie¬sa the municipality of Banyeres, freshwater is noteworthy that although we are in the town with a hydrographic topónimo called The Saladar36 (for now we know exactly where you find) Y, either the term of Banyeres, in the river, we are meeting again with another name that speaks of salt, Salinas. That is why so affected by salt contamination on its way to Elche. In the latter town he drowned in the river the Carthaginian general Amilcar Barca when besieging, which speaks of their wealth in ancient times.
Sierra Mariola
And this does not end the controversy over the name of the places that are part of the municipality of Banyeres. We refer now to the origin of the name of the Sierra de Mariola, where Banyeres sits and gives, llamémosle, "His name".
The name "Mariola" Tradition has it that comes from nom¬bre daughter of an important Roman gentleman named Sextus Marius, who he lived and died of love around here.
However, and, Emili Casanova explains in his article on Valencian toponymy in the Middle Ages,37 the name could be due to what is called a case of transported toponimia, as we have proposed, It could occur in the case of Bigneres. this name, Mariola, It is also given in Occitania38 and Lérida. Se¬gún says Casanova, the Sierra Mariola in Lleida has called resemblance to that of Banyeres.
Which also exists in name Mariola Occitania gives us insight into the influence of Occitan element in the conquest of the Kingdom of Valencia repo¬blación, something that until now had not
taken into account but, certainly no, It is reflected in the Llibre of Repartiment where are mentioned 69 people here according to the study of Cabanes Percourt.
The translation of names of a place known for a person when he settles into a new place which I could not know his name, has been historically. Examples are the various names of some places in Spain that were transferred to Amé¬rica by Spanish conquistadors as there were settled.
SERRELLA
As for the name of Serrella must say that the free inter¬pretación makes this topónimo Soler, as Xarrayla39, it is not correct. According to the study carried out by Barceló Torres, come from the word "as-Sarrala, one romarnisme "40 in his own words. This would be the second example of the step, in this case Romance language the word "saw" in Arabic.
as we see, the issue we have tried has the same ca¬racterísticas than those already covered in Article Banyeres de Mariola and the early days of AI Andalus. histórica4'1 approach in which there are doubts and various proposals for Banyeres know the situation regarding membership within the various kuras42 in which at that time was divided Sharq Al Andalus.
It is true that we are talking about moments in history in which these sources are "lost" in the mists of time but, we believe, it would be interesting to continue the investigation, would help, to better understand the origin of Banyeres de Mariola. It's hard, but hopefully not impossible.
PHOTOGRAPHY 1
river Vinalopó
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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– F. Maíllo Salgado. basic vocabulary of History of Islam. Madrid, 1987.
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-Amparo FrancésAlbero. History Genealogy delsAlbero to Banyeres de Mariola 1426-2105. Banyeres de Mariola, 2016.
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– Ma Carmen Ortego. "Banyeres de Mariola and the early days of Al Andalus. historical approach ». Journal No. Bigneres 10. Banyeres de Mariola, 2015.
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PHOTOGRAPHY 2
the turrets
PHOTOGRAPHY 3
View from Solana. At the bottom, Montcabrer
FOOTNOTES PAGE
1 Corpus Toponimic Valencia. Vols. I-II. W. AA. Valencia, 2009.
2 Eighth Book of the Decade first of the history of Insigne and crowned city and Kingdom of Valencia. Col. 1350 not. 9. Gaspar Escolano. Valencia, 1610.
3 Name number 243 It appears in the List of Spanish origin families tetuaníes. Ibn 'Azuz Haklm, M.
4 Al Andalus. anthropological structure of an Islamic society in the West. Gulchard, P. Granada, 1995, p. 308.
5 Contribution to the Arab toponymy of Spain. Miguel Asin Palacios, p. 95.
6 Place names Arabica Valencia Country. Farmhouses and castles. Carme Barceló Torres. Valencia, 1983, p. 102.
7 Directions James I the Conqueror. Miret I Sans, J. p. 200.
8 First news of the lineage of Loaysa in: "The Loaysas of Talavera de la Reina, Mr. de la Huerta de Valdecarábanos ", p. 358 Annals of Toledanos Magazine No. 261989. José Gómez Menor Fuentes Car¬los. names, surname and residents in Orihuela Medieval. Studies anthroponymic foothold deals oriolanos, XIII and XIV. Ponsoda Santiago Lopez de Atalaya, p. 65. San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante) 2012.
9 The Book foothold facts. Jaume I. Study of Antoni Ferrando and Vicent J. Escarti, p. 10 Valencia 2008. 10
10 "The Crown of Aragon". José Soler My Salrach in: History of Spain, Vol. IV. Barcelona 1983, p. 238.
11 third book of the illustrious and crowned city of Valencia and its kingdom. Other Martí. Editing Joan Iborra, pp. 466,467. Valencia 2002.
12 Annals of the Kingdom of Valencia. Francisco Diago, 1613. facsimile edition 2009, Valencia. Manuel Bas Carbonell Introduction.
13 The arrangement of the territory of the Country Valencia before the conquest, according to Ibn al-Abbar (XIII century). Epalza, M., p. 54.
14 "Fortifications in Yibal Balansiya. A proposed sequence '. Josep Torró in castles and territory in Al Andalus. Antonio Malpica Coello (coord.), 1998, P. 400, note 24.
15 In medieval bathtubs and Serrella, pags. 18-19. A. Soler. Banyeres de Mariola, 2003.
16 History and genealogy delsAlbero Banyeres de Mariola 1426-2015. French Albero, A., p. 31. Banyeres de Mariola, 2016. See clarification of the meaning "hammam" in the table and the difference between bathroom and Arabic source.
17 The arrangement of the territory… Opus cit, p. 58.
18 It has had to transliterate to Latin letters all Arabic texts because of problems in editing.
19 Encyclopedia of Andalusian culture. Address Jorge Delgado Lirola / José Miguel Puerta Vilchez. Almería, tomo 3, p. 212.
20 geographical nomenclature Spain. Caballero, K, p. 96.
21 Compilation of some Arabic names that the Arabs put to some cities and many other things. Diego de Guadix. Edition, introduction, notes and indexes Elena Bajo Pérez / Felipe Maíllo Salgado. Gijón (Oviedo) 2005, P. 270-271 / Arabic article in the iberorrománcas languages (phonetic, morphologic and semantic of lexical transfer),. Monika Wineta. Córdoba, 2006.
22 Dictionary of Spanish place names and gentilicios. Pascasio Celdrán. Madrid, 2004.
23 The Arabic letter "QAF" as in the case of "Qattil" is sometimes replaced by the letter, Arab also, «Gain» de «Gattal». Dictionary Arabisms and related voices in Ibero-Romance. Federico Corriente. Madrid, 2003, P. 36.
24Encyclopedia of Andalusian culture, opus cit., P. 212-213.
25 Valencia Arabic prose and verse. introductory Estudl, selection, Tradúcelo, notes and index. are related, Carmen Barceló, Josefina Veglison. Valencia, 2011.
26 The dry Mariola. Water architecture. W.AA. Banyeres de Mariola, 2009, P. 62.
27 History and genealogy DEIS Albero… Opus cit.
28 Tabula Roman Empire (TIR J-30 Valencia) Madrid, 2000, P. 77.
29 Retrieved from the website Culturandalucia
30 Arabic toponymy del Country Valecia. Farmhouses and castles. Carme Barceló Torres. Valencia, 1983.
31 "Attracting Archive», Ma Josefa Sempere Magazine No. Bigneres 4,2009, Banyeres de Mariola, p. 39. Doc. N° 17 Of date 10 June 1359.
32 "Notes and clarifications to Valencia Toponimia". Agustí Conejero in Ventura: Studies Toponymy Valencia. Valencia, 2000, P. 513-528.
33 Archbishop report Fabian and Fuero Minister Floridablanca. place, page 514.
34 Introduction to the History of Arabic. New insights. Ignacio Ferrando. Zara¬goza, 2001, once. 113.
35 «Al-ldri of. Alicante's geographical territory in medieval sources, IX-XV centuries », p. 111. A. J. Sánchez Pérez / R. C. Alonso de la Cruz. Misc Medieval Murcia seventeenth XXVIII (2003-2004).
36 Corpus Toponimic Valencia. W.AA. Opus cit.
37 "Toponimia Valencia in the Middle Ages, between the Arab world, Catalan and Aragonese: guidelines to interpret ". Emlll Casanova, p. 189. Work is part of Corpus Valencia Toponimic Historie.
38 N.B.: The area is known as Occltania corresponds to the French Midi ade¬más Aran Valley in Catalonia, some alpine valleys of Piedmont as well as the Principality of Monaco. Spoken in these places in time in question is the language d'oc.
39 In medieval bathtubs and Serrella. Abel Soler. Banyeres de Mariola, 2006, p. 21.
40 Place names Arabica Valencia Country. Farmhouses and castles. Carme Barceló Torres. Valencia, 1983, p. 24.
41 "Banyeres de Mariola and the early days of Al Andalus. historical approach ». Ma. Carmen Ortego in Bigneres Magazine No. 10 2015, P. 10-12.
42 administrative district.
